Monday, December 30, 2013

Difference between SCPI commands *WAI, OPC? and OPC


Spent some time trying to know the inside out of *WAI, OPC? and OPC, didn't work out quite well though. 

There are conflicting explanations regarding both *WAI and OPC?. In the case of *WAI, some say it will hold the instrument only, others say it will hold the whole bus; In the case of OPC?, some say the user himself needs to poll the output status constantly, others say no such thing is needed for it will hold the entire bus for you without the need to constantly poll. Alas the only unequivocal command is OPC, which turned out to be the most complicated of all three to use and thus most flexible, because of which perhaps even least used? 

Maybe part of the reason is that it's up to the manufactures to implement these commands and each has its own liking? 

For now, stick to *WAI for simplicity. It may or may not affect other instrument, but for sure it will hold the instrument under it until all commands in its buffer are completed, given sufficient timeout of course.

Materials to read:
  • Hints and Tricks for Remote Control of Spectrum and Network Analyzers 
  • R&S®ZVA / R&S®ZVB / R&S®ZV Vector Network Analyzers Operating Manual, look in "programming examples", which claims "*WAI does prevent the controller from sending other commands to the analyzer or other devices"
  • Synchronizing the PNA and the controller by Agilent, which claims "Note: Although *WAI stops the analyzer from processing subsequent commands, it does not stop the controller. The controller could send commands to other devices on the bus.
    "

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Tuesday, October 23, 2012

机械术语中英对照


泵                               pump
阀                                valve
机座                             base parts
轴套                             sleeve
带轮                             belt wheel
法兰盘、凸缘               flange
压盖                             gland
端盖                             end cover
拨叉                             transmission fork
阀杆                             valve handle
杠杆                             pry bar
铸造工艺                      casting processes
铸造、铸件                   casting
砂型铸造                       sand casting
型腔（空穴）                cavity
起模斜度                       draft or draught
铸件缺陷                       casting defect
缩孔                              shrinkage cavity
收缩裂纹（缝）            shrinkage crack
铸（浇）口                    pouring head
冒（溢出）口                 overflow
铸造（内）圆角             fillet
外圆角                           round
过渡线                             run-out line
壁厚                              section (wall) thickness
凸台                              boss club
凹坑                              recessed surface
设计基准                      design datum
工艺基准                      process datum
主要基准                      primary datum
次要基准                      secondary datum
辅助基准                      assistant datum
表面粗糙度                  surface roughness
轮廓算术平均偏差    contour arithmetic mean deviation
不平度十点高度           ten-point height average
轮廓最大高度               maximum contour height
机加工工艺                  machining processes
镀覆                           plating
涂覆                           coating
表面处理                   surface treatment
粗车                           rough turning
粗刨                           rough planning
粗铣                           rough milling
精车                           fine turning
精铣                           fine milling
精刨                           fine planning
精拉                           fine broaching
精镗                           fine boring
精磨                          fine grinding
研磨                           grinding
抛光                            polishing
超级精细研磨              super fine grinding
镗孔                           boring
抛光                           politure
去毛刺                        deburring
沉孔、埋头孔                   countersink
锥形沉孔、埋头孔             countersunk hole
阶梯沉孔、埋头孔                counterbore hole            

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Monday, August 20, 2012

On Temperature Coefficient Unit ppm/°C

Since ppm is an abbreviation for "part per million", here is an intuitive interpretation:
"
A resistor that has 100ppm/°C as its temperature coefficient means that
Once the temperature rises above or drops below the specified temperature range, 100 parts per million will deviate from the nominal value with every 1°C temperature increase or decrease.
"
It seems plausible but unfortunately wrong. The correct interpretation is:
"
1 ppm/°C means that the value of the component changes by 1 millionth (or 1e-4%) per degree.
"
Therefore, a capacitor that has 1000 ppm/°C changes its value by 6% from 25°C to 85°C.
It's obvious the the use of the unit "ppm" causes great confusion. I suppose it's again a legacy issue.
Posted by at No comments:

The Ultimate Character Code

There may come a time when you want to type exotic characters directly from keyboard. For example, while designing circuits the character µ and Ω are often used. However different OS has different code systems, and even different programs under the same OS have different code systems . The following website has an extensive list which matches my OS.

http://www.theworldofstuff.com/characters/

Since the website above operates under creative commons, I can safely port everything here:

Ultimate Cool Characters

Here you will find a wealth of special characters not found on your keyboard. Ever wanted to know how to make an "i" with those two little dots above it? How about a multiplication sign? A heart? A smiley face? A bunch of different letters with squiggly things under them? Ỹổů’ṽẻ čøm̉ę ŧỡ ţĥë ŕıġħť p̀łắĉễ.
Unlike most similar lists, Ultimate Cool Characters has more than just those so-called alt codes that we all know so well. It was painstakingly compiled to include a whole lot of weird characters that you have probably never seen before. Feel free to use any of them in your web pages and documents. After all, I didn't make these up; I just compiled them.
Before going to the trouble of memorizing some of these codes, make sure you aren't using an "International" keyboard layout that makes the typing of special characters much easier (usually through the use of the AltGr key, defined to be the right Alt key, or something similar).
Here's a printer-friendly version... just make sure you have several dozen pages and plenty of ink. Print Preview is your friend.
Be sure to check out Joshua McGee's Diacritic Decoration, which turns ordinary text into accented characters from this page.
If you like this list of cool alt codes, why not check out my interesting blog?

How To Use These Characters

On web pages

Enter the Name Code or Number Code where you want the character to appear. For combining diacritical marks, enter the Number Code for the desired mark immediately after the character you would like to add it to.

On Windows

While holding the Alt key, press the numbers of the Alt Code on your computer's numeric keypad. Microsoft Word allows other options: you can type the Character Code and press Alt-X, or you can enter the Shortcut Key.

On Linux (GNOME)

While holding Ctrl and Shift, press U followed by the Character Code (with or without leading zeroes). On versions of GNOME prior to 2.16 or so, omit the U. This combination works in GTK applications only.

On Linux (KDE)

Not sure. Is this how?

On Mac OS X

Enter the Accent Code. For example, "Option + u, o" means hold Option and U at the same time, then let go and press O.

Characters

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Other Letters | Numbers | Punctuation | Diacritical Marks | Currency Symbols
Miscellaneous Legal and Technical | Shapes and Shading | Dingbats
Mathematical Symbols | Miscellaneous

A

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ÀCapital A with graveAlt + 019200C0ÀÀCtrl + ` + Shift + aOption + `, A
àLowercase a with graveAlt + 133
Alt + 0224		00E0ààCtrl + ` + aOption + `, a
ÁCapital A with acuteAlt + 019300C1ÁÁCtrl + ' + Shift + aOption + e, A
áLowercase a with acuteAlt + 160
Alt + 0225		00E1ááCtrl + ' + aOption + e, a
ÂCapital A with circumflexAlt + 019400C2ÂÂCtrl + Shift + 6 + aOption + i, A
âLowercase a with circumflexAlt + 131
Alt + 0226		00E2ââCtrl + Shift + 6, aOption + i, a
ÃCapital A with tildeAlt + 019500C3ÃÃCtrl + Shift + ` + aOption + n, A
ãLowercase a with tildeAlt + 022700E3ããCtrl + Shift + `, aOption + n, a
ÄCapital A with umlautAlt + 142
Alt + 0196		00C4ÄÄCtrl + Shift + ; + aOption + u, A
äLowercase a with umlautAlt + 132
Alt + 0228		00E4ääCtrl + Shift + ;, aOption + u, a
ÅCapital A with ring aboveAlt + 143
Alt + 0197		00C5ÅÅCtrl + Shift + 2 + aOption + Shift + a
åLowercase a with ring aboveAlt + 134
Alt + 0229		00E5ååCtrl + Shift + 2, aOption + a
ĀCapital A with macronAlt + 02560100 Ā  
āLowercase a with macronAlt + 02570101 ā  
ĂCapital A with breveAlt + 02580102 Ă  
ăLowercase a with breveAlt + 02590103 ă  
ĄCapital A with ogonekAlt + 02600104 Ą  
ąLowercase a with ogonekAlt + 02610105 ą  
ǍCapital A with caronAlt + 046101CD Ǎ  
ǎLowercase a with caronAlt + 046201CE ǎ  
ǺCapital A with ring above and acuteAlt + 050601FA Ǻ  
ǻLowercase a with ring above and acuteAlt + 050701FB ǻ  
ẠCapital A with dot belowAlt + 78401EA0 Ạ  
ạLowercase a with dot belowAlt + 78411EA1 ạ  
ẢCapital A with hook aboveAlt + 78421EA2 Ả  
ảLowercase a with hook aboveAlt + 78431EA3 ả  
ẤCapital A with circumflex and acuteAlt + 78441EA4 Ấ  
ấLowercase a with circumflex and acuteAlt + 78451EA5 ấ  
ẦCapital A with circumflex and graveAlt + 78461EA6 Ầ  
ầLowercase a with circumflex and graveAlt + 78471EA7 ầ  
ẨCapital A with circumflex and hook aboveAlt + 78481EA8 Ẩ  
ẩLowercase a with circumflex and hook aboveAlt + 78491EA9 ẩ  
ẪCapital A with circumflex and tildeAlt + 78501EAA Ẫ  
ẫLowercase a with circumflex and tildeAlt + 78511EAB ẫ  
ẬCapital A with circumflex and dot belowAlt + 78521EAC Ậ  
ậLowercase a with circumflex and dot belowAlt + 78531EAD ậ  
ẮCapital A with breve and acuteAlt + 78541EAE Ắ  
ắLowercase a with breve and acuteAlt + 78551EAF ắ  
ẰCapital A with breve and graveAlt + 78561EB0 Ằ  
ằLowercase a with breve and graveAlt + 78571EB1 ằ  
ẲCapital A with breve and hook aboveAlt + 78581EB2 Ẳ  
ẳLowercase a with breve and hook aboveAlt + 78591EB3 ẳ  
ẴCapital A with breve and tildeAlt + 78601EB4 Ẵ  
ẵLowercase a with breve and tildeAlt + 78611EB5 ẵ  
ẶCapital A with breve and dot belowAlt + 78621EB6 Ặ  
ặLowercase a with breve and dot belowAlt + 78631EB7 ặ  

C

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ÇCapital C with cedillaAlt + 128
Alt + 0199		00C7ÇÇCtrl + , + Shift + cOption + Shift + c
çLowercase c with cedillaAlt + 135
Alt + 0231		00E7ççCtrl + Shift + 6, aOption + c
ĆCapital C with acuteAlt + 02620106 Ć  
ćLowercase c with acuteAlt + 02630107 ć  
ĈCapital C with circumflexAlt + 02640108 Ĉ  
ĉLowercase c with circumflexAlt + 02650109 ĉ  
ĊCapital C with dot aboveAlt + 0266010A Ċ  
ċLowercase c with dot aboveAlt + 0267010B ċ  
ČCapital C with caronAlt + 0268010C Č  
čLowercase c with caronAlt + 0269010D č  

D

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ĎCapital D with caronAlt + 0270010E Ď  
ďLowercase d with caronAlt + 0271010F ď  
ĐCapital D with strokeAlt + 02720110 Đ  
đLowercase d with strokeAlt + 02730111 đ  

E

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ÈCapital E with graveAlt + 020000C8ÈÈCtrl + ` + Shift + eOption + `, E
èLowercase e with graveAlt + 138
Alt + 0232		00E8èèCtrl + ` + eOption + `, e
ÉCapital E with acuteAlt + 144
Alt + 0201		00C9ÉÉCtrl + ' + Shift + eOption + e, E
éLowercase e with acuteAlt + 130
Alt + 0233		00E9ééCtrl + ' + eOption + e, e
ÊCapital E with circumflexAlt + 020200CAÊÊCtrl + Shift + 6 + eOption + i, E
êLowercase e with circumflexAlt + 136
Alt + 0234		00EAêêCtrl + Shift + 6, eOption + i, e
ËCapital E with umlautAlt + 020300CBËËCtrl + Shift + ; + eOption + u, E
ëLowercase e with umlautAlt + 137
Alt + 0235		00EBëëCtrl + Shift + ;, eOption + u, e
ĒCapital E with macronAlt + 02740112 Ē  
ēLowercase e with macronAlt + 02750113 ē  
ĔCapital E with breveAlt + 02760114 Ĕ  
ĕLowercase e with breveAlt + 02770115 ĕ  
ĖCapital E with dot aboveAlt + 02780116 Ė  
ėLowercase e with dot aboveAlt + 02790117 ė  
ĘCapital E with ogonekAlt + 02800118 Ę  
ęLowercase e with ogonekAlt + 02810119 ę  
ĚCapital E with caronAlt + 0282011A Ě  
ěLowercase e with caronAlt + 0283011B ě  
ẸCapital E with dot belowAlt + 78641EB8 Ẹ  
ẹLowercase e with dot belowAlt + 78651EB9 ẹ  
ẺCapital E with hook aboveAlt + 78661EBA Ẻ  
ẻLowercase e with hook aboveAlt + 78671EBB ẻ  
ẼCapital E with tildeAlt + 78681EBC Ẽ  
ẽLowercase e with tildeAlt + 78691EBD ẽ  
ẾCapital E with circumflex and acuteAlt + 78701EBE Ế  
ếLowercase e with circumflex and acuteAlt + 78711EBF ế  
ỀCapital E with circumflex and graveAlt + 78721EC0 Ề  
ềLowercase e with circumflex and graveAlt + 78731EC1 ề  
ỂCapital E with circumflex and hook aboveAlt + 78741EC2 Ể  
ểLowercase e with circumflex and hook aboveAlt + 78751EC3 ể  
ỄCapital E with circumflex and tildeAlt + 78761EC4 Ễ  
ễLowercase e with circumflex and tildeAlt + 78771EC5 ễ  
ỆCapital E with circumflex and dot belowAlt + 78781EC6 Ệ  
ệLowercase e with circumflex and dot belowAlt + 78791EC7 ệ  

F

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ƒLowercase f with hookAlt + 159
Alt + 0402		0192 ƒ  

G

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ĜCapital G with circumflexAlt + 0284011C Ĝ  
ĝLowercase g with circumflexAlt + 0285011D ĝ  
ĞCapital G with breveAlt + 0286011E Ğ  
ğLowercase g with breveAlt + 0287011F ğ  
ĠCapital G with dot aboveAlt + 02880120 Ġ  
ġLowercase g with dot aboveAlt + 02890121 ġ  
ĢCapital G with cedillaAlt + 02900122 Ģ  
ģLowercase g with cedillaAlt + 02910123 ģ  

H

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ĤCapital H with circumflexAlt + 02920124 Ĥ  
ĥLowercase h with circumflexAlt + 02930125 ĥ  
ĦCapital H with strokeAlt + 02940126 Ħ  
ħLowercase h with strokeAlt + 02950127 ħ  

I

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ÌCapital I with graveAlt + 020400CCÌÌCtrl + ` + Shift + iOption + `, I
ìLowercase i with graveAlt + 141
Alt + 0236		00ECììCtrl + ` + iOption + `, i
ÍCapital I with acuteAlt + 020500CDÍÍCtrl + ' + Shift + iOption + e, I
íLowercase i with acuteAlt + 161
Alt + 0237		00EDííCtrl + ' + iOption + e, i
ÎCapital I with circumflexAlt + 020600CEÎÎCtrl + Shift + 6 + iOption + i, I
îLowercase i with circumflexAlt + 140
Alt + 0238		00EEîîCtrl + Shift + 6, iOption + i, i
ÏCapital I with umlautAlt + 020700CFÏÏCtrl + Shift + ; + iOption + u, I
ïLowercase i with umlautAlt + 139
Alt + 0239		00EFïïCtrl + Shift + ;, iOption + u, i
ĨCapital I with tildeAlt + 02960128 Ĩ  
ĩLowercase i with tildeAlt + 02970129 ĩ  
ĪCapital I with macronAlt + 0298012A Ī  
īLowercase i with macronAlt + 0299012B ī  
ĬCapital I with breveAlt + 0300012C Ĭ  
ĭLowercase i with breveAlt + 0301012D ĭ  
ĮCapital I with ogonekAlt + 0302012E Į  
įLowercase i with ogonekAlt + 0303012F į  
İCapital I with dot aboveAlt + 03040130 İ  
ıLowercase dotless iAlt + 03050131 ı  
ǏCapital I with caronAlt + 046301CF Ǐ  
ǐLowercase i with caronAlt + 046401D0 ǐ  
ỈCapital I with hook aboveAlt + 78801EC8 Ỉ  
ỉLowercase i with hook aboveAlt + 78811EC9 ỉ  
ỊCapital I with dot belowAlt + 78821ECA Ị  
ịLowercase i with dot belowAlt + 78831ECB ị  

J

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ĴCapital J with circumflexAlt + 03080134 Ĵ  
ĵLowercase j with circumflexAlt + 03090135 ĵ  

K

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ĶCapital K with cedillaAlt + 03100136 Ķ  
ķLowercase k with cedillaAlt + 03110137 ķ  

L

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ĹCapital L with acuteAlt + 03130139 Ĺ  
ĺLowercase l with acuteAlt + 0314013A ĺ  
ĻCapital L with cedillaAlt + 0315013B Ļ  
ļLowercase l with cedillaAlt + 0316013C ļ  
ĽCapital L with caronAlt + 0317013D Ľ  
ľLowercase l with caronAlt + 0318013E ľ  
ĿCapital L with middle dotAlt + 0319013F Ŀ  
ŀLowercase l with middle dotAlt + 03200140 ŀ  
ŁCapital L with strokeAlt + 03210141 Ł  
łLowercase l with strokeAlt + 03220142 ł  
ℓScript lowercase lAlt + 84672113 ℓ  

N

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ÑCapital N with tildeAlt + 165
Alt + 0209		00D1ÑÑCtrl + Shift + ` + nOption + n, N
ñLowercase n with tildeAlt + 164
Alt + 0241		00F1ññCtrl + Shift + `, nOption + n, n
ŃCapital N with acuteAlt + 03230143 Ń  
ńLowercase n with acuteAlt + 03240144 ń  
ŅCapital N with cedillaAlt + 03250145 Ņ  
ņLowercase n with cedillaAlt + 03260146 ņ  
ŇCapital N with caronAlt + 03270147 Ň  
ňLowercase n with caronAlt + 03280148 ň  
ʼnLowercase n preceded by
apostrophe		Alt + 03290149 ʼn  

O

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ÒCapital O with graveAlt + 021000D2ÒÒCtrl + ` + Shift + oOption + `, O
òLowercase o with graveAlt + 149
Alt + 0242		00F2òòCtrl + ` + oOption + `, o
ÓCapital O with acuteAlt + 021100D3ÓÓCtrl + ' + Shift + oOption + e, O
óLowercase o with acuteAlt + 162
Alt + 0243		00F3óóCtrl + ` + oOption + e, o
ÔCapital O with circumflexAlt + 021200D4ÔÔCtrl + Shift + 6 + oOption + i, O
ôLowercase o with circumflexAlt + 147
Alt + 0244		00F4ôôCtrl + Shift + 6, oOption + i, o
ÕCapital O with tildeAlt + 021300D5ÕÕCtrl + Shift + ` + oOption + n, O
õLowercase o with tildeAlt + 024500F5õõCtrl + Shift + `, oOption + n, o
ÖCapital O with umlautAlt + 153
Alt + 0214		00D6ÖÖCtrl + Shift + ; + oOption + u, O
öLowercase o with umlautAlt + 148
Alt + 0246		00F6ööCtrl + Shift + ;, oOption + u, o
ØCapital O with slashAlt + 021600D8ØØCtrl + / + Shift + oOption + Shift + o
øLowercase o with slashAlt + 024800F8øøCtrl + / + oOption + o
ŌCapital O with macronAlt + 0332014C Ō  
ōLowercase o with macronAlt + 0333014D ō  
ŎCapital O with breveAlt + 0334014E Ŏ  
ŏLowercase o with breveAlt + 0335014F ŏ  
ŐCapital O with double acuteAlt + 03360150 Ő  
őLowercase o with double acuteAlt + 03370151 ő  
ƠCapital O with hornAlt + 041601A0 Ơ  
ơLowercase o with hornAlt + 041701A1 ơ  
ǑCapital O with caronAlt + 046501D1 Ǒ  
ǒLowercase o with caronAlt + 046601D2 ǒ  
ǾCapital O with stroke and acuteAlt + 051001FE Ǿ  
ǿLowercase o with stroke and acuteAlt + 051101FF ǿ  
ỌCapital O with dot belowAlt + 78841ECC Ọ  
ọLowercase o with dot belowAlt + 78851ECD ọ  
ỎCapital O with hook aboveAlt + 78861ECE Ỏ  
ỏLowercase o with hook aboveAlt + 78871ECF ỏ  
ỐCapital O with circumflex and acuteAlt + 78881ED0 Ố  
ốLowercase o with circumflex and acuteAlt + 78891ED1 ố  
ỒCapital O with circumflex and graveAlt + 78901ED2 Ồ  
ồLowercase o with circumflex and graveAlt + 78911ED3 ồ  
ỔCapital O with circumflex and hook aboveAlt + 78921ED4 Ổ  
ổLowercase o with circumflex and hook aboveAlt + 78931ED5 ổ  
ỖCapital O with circumflex and tildeAlt + 78941ED6 Ỗ  
ỗLowercase o with circumflex and tildeAlt + 78951ED7 ỗ  
ỘCapital O with circumflex and dot belowAlt + 78961ED8 Ộ  
ộLowercase o with circumflex and dot belowAlt + 78971ED9 ộ  
ỚCapital O with horn and acuteAlt + 78981EDA Ớ  
ớLowercase o with horn and acuteAlt + 78991EDB ớ  
ỜCapital O with horn and graveAlt + 79001EDC Ờ  
ờLowercase o with horn and graveAlt + 79011EDD ờ  
ỞCapital O with horn and hook aboveAlt + 79021EDE Ở  
ởLowercase o with horn and hook aboveAlt + 79031EDF ở  
ỠCapital O with horn and tildeAlt + 79041EE0 Ỡ  
ỡLowercase o with horn and tildeAlt + 79051EE1 ỡ  
ỢCapital O with horn and dot belowAlt + 79061EE2 Ợ  
ợLowercase o with horn and dot belowAlt + 79071EE3 ợ  

R

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ŔCapital R with acuteAlt + 03400154 Ŕ  
ŕLowercase r with acuteAlt + 03410155 ŕ  
ŖCapital R with cedillaAlt + 03420156 Ŗ  
ŗLowercase r with cedillaAlt + 03430157 ŗ  
ŘCapital R with caronAlt + 03440158 Ř  
řLowercase r with caronAlt + 03450159 ř  

S

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ŚCapital S with acuteAlt + 0346015A Ś  
śLowercase s with acuteAlt + 0347015B ś  
ŜCapital S with circumflexAlt + 0348015C Ŝ  
ŝLowercase s with circumflexAlt + 0349015D ŝ  
ŞCapital S with cedillaAlt + 0350015E Ş  
şLowercase s with cedillaAlt + 0351015F ş  
ŠCapital S with caronAlt + 03520160 ŠAlt + Ctrl + Shift + 6 + s 
šLowercase s with caronAlt + 03530161 šAlt + Ctrl + Shift + 6, s 

T

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ŢCapital T with cedillaAlt + 03540162 Ţ  
ţLowercase t with cedillaAlt + 03550163 ţ  
ŤCapital T with caronAlt + 03560164 Ť  
ťLowercase t with caronAlt + 03570165 ť  
ŦCapital T with strokeAlt + 03580166 Ŧ  
ŧLowercase t with strokeAlt + 03590167 ŧ  

U

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ÙCapital U with graveAlt + 021700D9ÙÙCtrl + ` + Shift + uOption + `, U
ùLowercase u with graveAlt + 151
Alt + 0249		00F9ùùCtrl + ` + uOption + `, u
ÚCapital U with acuteAlt + 021800DAÚÚCtrl + ' + Shift + uOption + e, U
úLowercase u with acuteAlt + 163
Alt + 0250		00F9úúCtrl + ' + uOption + e, u
ÛCapital U with circumflexAlt + 021900DBÛÛCtrl + Shift + 6 + uOption + i, U
ûLowercase u with circumflexAlt + 150
Alt + 0251		00FBûûCtrl + Shift + 6, uOption + i, u
ÜCapital U with umlautAlt + 154
Alt + 0220		00DCÜÜCtrl + Shift + ; + uOption + u, U
üLowercase u with umlautAlt + 129
Alt + 0252		00FCüüCtrl + Shift + ;, uOption + u, u
ŨCapital U with tildeAlt + 03600168 Ũ  
ũLowercase u with tildeAlt + 03610169 ũ  
ŪCapital U with macronAlt + 0362016A Ū  
ūLowercase u with macronAlt + 0363016B ū  
ŬCapital U with breveAlt + 0364016C Ŭ  
ŭLowercase u with breveAlt + 0365016D ŭ  
ŮCapital U with ring aboveAlt + 0366016E Ů  
ůLowercase u with ring aboveAlt + 0367016F ů  
ŰCapital U with double acuteAlt + 03680170 Ű  
űLowercase u with double acuteAlt + 03690171 ű  
ŲCapital U with ogonekAlt + 03700172 Ų  
ųLowercase u with ogonekAlt + 03710173 ų  
ƯCapital U with hornAlt + 043101AF Ư  
ưLowercase u with hornAlt + 043201B0 ư  
ǓCapital U with caronAlt + 046701D3 Ǔ  
ǔLowercase u with caronAlt + 046801D4 ǔ  
ǕCapital U with umlaut and macronAlt + 046901D5 Ǖ  
ǖLowercase u with umlaut and macronAlt + 047001D6 ǖ  
ǗLowercase u with umlaut and macronAlt + 047001D6 ǖ  
ǗCapital U with umlaut and acuteAlt + 047101D7 Ǘ  
ǘLowercase u with umlaut and acuteAlt + 047201D8 ǘ  
ǙCapital U with umlaut and caronAlt + 047301D9 Ǚ  
ǚLowercase u with umlaut and caronAlt + 047401DA ǚ  
ǛCapital U with umlaut and graveAlt + 047501DB Ǜ  
ǜLowercase u with umlaut and graveAlt + 047601DC ǜ  
ỤCapital U with dot belowAlt + 79081EE4 Ụ  
ụLowercase u with dot belowAlt + 79091EE5 ụ  
ỦCapital U with hook aboveAlt + 79101EE6 Ủ  
ủLowercase u with hook aboveAlt + 79111EE7 ủ  
ỨCapital U with horn and acuteAlt + 79121EE8 Ứ  
ứLowercase u with horn and acuteAlt + 79131EE9 ứ  
ỪCapital U with horn and graveAlt + 79141EEA Ừ  
ừLowercase u with horn and graveAlt + 79151EEB ừ  
ỬCapital U with horn and hook aboveAlt + 79161EEC Ử  
ửLowercase u with horn and hook aboveAlt + 79171EED ử  
ỮCapital U with horn and tildeAlt + 79181EEE Ữ  
ữLowercase u with horn and tildeAlt + 79191EEF ữ  
ỰCapital U with horn and dot belowAlt + 79201EF0 Ự  
ựLowercase u with horn and dot belowAlt + 79211EF1 ự  

W

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ŴCapital W with circumflexAlt + 03720174 Ŵ  
ŵLowercase w with circumflexAlt + 03730175 ŵ  
ẀCapital W with graveAlt + 78081E80 Ẁ  
ẁLowercase w with graveAlt + 78091E81 ẁ  
ẂCapital W with acuteAlt + 78101E82 Ẃ  
ẃLowercase w with acuteAlt + 78111E83 ẃ  
ẄCapital W with umlautAlt + 78121E84 Ẅ  
ẅLowercase w with umlautAlt + 78131E85 ẅ  

Y

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ÝCapital Y with acuteAlt + 022100DDÝÝCtrl + ' + Shift + yOption + e, Y
ýLowercase y with acuteAlt + 025300FDýýCtrl + ' + yOption + e, y
ŸCapital Y with umlautAlt + 03760178 ŸCtrl + Shift + ; + yOption + u, Y
ÿLowercase y with umlautAlt + 152
Alt + 0255		00FFÿÿCtrl + Shift + ;, yOption + u, y
ŶCapital Y with circumflexAlt + 03740176 Ŷ Option + i, Y
ŷLowercase y with circumflexAlt + 03750177 ŷ Option + i, y
ỲCapital Y with graveAlt + 79221EF2 Ỳ Option + `, Y
ỳLowercase y with graveAlt + 79231EF3 ỳ Option + `, y
ỴCapital Y with dot belowAlt + 79241EF4 Ỵ  
ỵLowercase y with dot belowAlt + 79251EF5 ỵ  
ỶCapital Y with hook aboveAlt + 79261EF6 Ỷ  
ỷLowercase y with hook aboveAlt + 79271EF7 ỷ  
ỸCapital Y with tildeAlt + 79281EF8 Ỹ  
ỹLowercase y with tildeAlt + 79291EF9 ỹ  

Z

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ŹCapital Z with acuteAlt + 03770179 Ź  
źLowercase z with acuteAlt + 0378017A ź  
ŻCapital Z with dot aboveAlt + 0379017B Ż  
żLowercase z with dot aboveAlt + 0380017C ż  
ŽCapital Z with caronAlt + 0381017D Ž  
žLowercase z with caronAlt + 0382017E ž  

Other Letters

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
ÆCapital AEAlt + 146
Alt + 0198		00C6ÆÆCtrl + Shift + 7 + aOption + Shift + '
æLowercase aeAlt + 145
Alt + 0230		00E6ææCtrl + Shift + 7, aOption + '
ǼCapital AE with acuteAlt + 050801FC Ǽ  
ǽLowercase ae with acuteAlt + 050901FD ǽ  
IJCapital IJAlt + 03060132 IJ  
ijLowercase ijAlt + 03070133 ij  
ĸLowercase kraAlt + 03120138 ĸ  
ŊCapital EngAlt + 0330014A Ŋ  
ŋLowercase engAlt + 0331014B ŋ  
ŒCapital OEAlt + 03380152ŒŒCtrl + Shift + 7 + oOption + Shift + q
œLowercase oeAlt + 03390153œœCtrl + Shift + 7, oOption + q
ſLowercase long sAlt + 0383017F ſ  
ßLowercase sharp sAlt + 022300DFßßCtrl + Shift + 7, sOption + s
ƏCapital SchwaAlt + 0399018F Ə  
əLowercase schwaAlt + 06010259 ə  
ÐCapital Eth (Icelandic)Alt + 020800D0ÐÐCtrl + ' + Shift + d 
ðLowercase eth (Icelandic)Alt + 024000F0ððCtrl + ' + d 
ÞCapital Thorn (Icelandic)Alt + 022200DEÞÞ  
þLowercase thorn (Icelandic)Alt + 025400FEþþ  

Numbers

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
¹Superscript oneAlt + 018500B9¹¹  
²Superscript twoAlt + 253
Alt + 0178		00B2²²  
³Superscript threeAlt + 017900B3³³  
½Vulgar fraction one halfAlt + 171
Alt + 0189		00BD½½  
⅓Vulgar fraction one thirdAlt + 85312153 ⅓  
⅔Vulgar fraction two thirdsAlt + 85322154 ⅔  
¼Vulgar fraction one quarterAlt + 172
Alt + 0188		00BC¼¼  
¾Vulgar fraction three quartersAlt + 019000BE¾¾  
⅛Vulgar fraction one eighthAlt + 8539215B ⅛  
⅜Vulgar fraction three eighthsAlt + 8540215C ⅜  
⅝Vulgar fraction five eighthsAlt + 8541215D ⅝  
⅞Vulgar fraction seven eighthsAlt + 8542215E ⅞  

Punctuation

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
‼Double exclamation markAlt + 19
Alt + 8252		203C ‼  
¡Inverted exclamation markAlt + 173
Alt + 0161		00A1¡¡Ctrl + Alt + Shift + 1Option + 1
¿Inverted question markAlt + 168
Alt + 0191		00BF¿¿Ctrl + Alt + Shift + /Option + Shift + ?
‽InterrobangAlt + 8253203D ‽  
“Left double quotation markAlt + 0147
Alt + 8220		201C““ Option + [
”Right double quotation markAlt + 0148
Alt + 8221		201D”” Option + Shift + [
„Double low-9 quotation markAlt + 8222201E„„ Option + Shift + w
‘Left single quotation markAlt + 0145
Alt + 8216		2018‘‘ Option + ]
’Right single quotation markAlt + 0146
Alt + 8217		2019’’ Option + Shift + ]
‚Single low-9 quotation markAlt + 8218201A‚‚  
‛Single high-reversed-9 quotation markAlt + 8219201B ‛  
«Left-pointing double angle quotation markAlt + 174
Alt + 0171		00AB«« Option + \
»Right-pointing double angle quotation markAlt + 175
Alt + 0187		00BB»» Option + Shift + \
‹Single left-pointing angle quotation markAlt + 0139
Alt + 8249		2039‹‹ Option + Shift + 3
›Single right-pointing angle quotation markAlt + 0155
Alt + 8250		203A›› Option + Shift + 4
…Horizontal ellipsisAlt + 82302026 … Option + ;
–En dashAlt + 0150
Alt + 8211		2013 –
–		 Option + -
—Em dashAlt + 0151
Alt + 8212		2014 —
—		 Option + Shift + -
―Horizontal barAlt + 82132015 ―  
‗Double low lineAlt + 82152017 ‗  
‾OverlineAlt + 8254203E‾‾  
‌Zero width non-joinerAlt + 8204200C ‌  
‍Zero width joinerAlt + 8205200D ‍  

Diacritical Marks

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
¨UmlautAlt + 016800A8¨
¨		¨ Option + Shift + u
¯MacronAlt + 017500AF¯
&hibar;		¯  
´AcuteAlt + 018000B4´´Ctrl + ' + Spacebar 
¸CedillaAlt + 018400B8¸¸Ctrl + , + Spacebar 
ˆModifier letter circumflexAlt + 071002C6 ˆCtrl + Shift + 6, Space 
ˇCaronAlt + 071102C7 ˇ  
ˉModifier letter macronAlt + 071302C9 ˉ  
˘BreveAlt + 072802D8 ˘  
˙Dot aboveAlt + 072902D9 ˙  
˚Ring aboveAlt + 073002DA ˚  
˛OgonekAlt + 073102DB ˛  
˜Small tildeAlt + 073202DC ˜  
˝Double acuteAlt + 073302DD ˝  
̀Combining grave accentAlt + 07680300 ̀  
́Combining acute accentAlt + 07690301 ́  
̃Combining tildeAlt + 07710303 ̃  
̉Combining hook aboveAlt + 07770309 ̉  
̣Combining dot belowAlt + 08030323 ̣  

Currency Symbols

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
¢Cent signAlt + 155
Alt + 0162		00A2¢¢Ctrl + / + cOption + 4
£Pound signAlt + 156
Alt + 0163		00A3££ Option + 3
¤General currency signAlt + 016400A4¤¤ Option + Shift + 2
¥Yen signAlt + 157
Alt + 0165		00A5¥¥ Option + y
₣French franc signAlt + 835520A3 ₣  
₤Lira signAlt + 835620A4 ₤  
₧Peseta signAlt + 158
Alt + 8359		20A7 ₧  
₪New sheqel signAlt + 836220AA ₪  
₫Dong signAlt + 836320AB ₫  
€Euro signAlt + 0128
Alt + 8364		20AC €  

Miscellaneous Legal and Technical

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
§Section signAlt + 21
Alt + 0167		00A7§§ Option + 6
©Copyright signAlt + 016900A9©©Ctrl + Alt + cOption + g
®Registered trademark signAlt + 017400AE®®Ctrl + Alt + rOption + r
ªFeminine ordinal indicatorAlt + 166
Alt + 0170		00AAªª Option + 9
¬Not signAlt + 170
Alt + 0172		00AC¬¬ Option + l
⌐Reversed not signAlt + 169
Alt + 8976		2310 ⌐  
µMicro signAlt + 018100B5µµ Option + m
†DaggerAlt + 01342020†† Option + t
‡Double daggerAlt + 01352021‡‡ Option + Shift + 7
‰Per mille signAlt + 0137
Alt + 8240		2030‰‰ Option + Shift + r
′PrimeAlt + 82422032 ′  
″Double primeAlt + 82432033 ″  
℅Care ofAlt + 84532105 ℅  
№Numero signAlt + 84702116 №  
™Trademark signAlt + 0153
Alt + 8482		2122™™ Option + 2
ΩOhm signAlt + 84862126 Ω Option + z
⌂HouseAlt + 127
Alt + 8962		2302 ⌂  

Shapes and Shading

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
▀Upper half blockAlt + 223
Alt + 9600		2580 ▀  
▄Lower half blockAlt + 220
Alt + 9604		2584 ▄  
█Full blockAlt + 219
Alt + 9608		2588 █  
▌Left half blockAlt + 221
Alt + 9612		258C ▌  
▐Right half blockAlt + 222
Alt + 9616		2590 ▐  
░Light shadeAlt + 176
Alt + 9617		2591 ░  
▒Medium shadeAlt + 177
Alt + 9618		2592 ▒  
▓Dark shadeAlt + 178
Alt + 9619		2593 ▓  
■Black squareAlt + 254
Alt + 9632		25A0 ■  
□White squareAlt + 963325A1 □  
▪Black small squareAlt + 964225AA ▪  
▫White small squareAlt + 964325AB ▫  
▬Black rectangleAlt + 22
Alt + 9644		25AC ▬  
▲Black up-pointing triangleAlt + 30
Alt + 9650		25B2 ▲  
►Black right-pointing pointerAlt + 16
Alt + 9658		25BA ►  
▼Black down-pointing triangleAlt + 31
Alt + 9660		25BC ▼  
◄Black left-pointing pointerAlt + 17
Alt + 9668		25C4 ◄  
◊LozengeAlt + 967425CA ◊  
○White circleAlt + 9
Alt + 9675		25CB ○  
●Black circleAlt + 967925CF ●  
◘Inverse bulletAlt + 8
Alt + 9688		25D8 ◘  
◙Inverse white circleAlt + 10
Alt + 9689		25D9 ◙  
◦White bulletAlt + 970225E6 ◦  

Dingbats

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
☺White smiling faceAlt + 1
Alt + 9786		263A ☺  
☻Black smiling faceAlt + 2
Alt + 214
Alt + 9787		263B ☻  
☼White sun with raysAlt + 15
Alt + 9788		263C ☼  
♀Female signAlt + 12
Alt + 9792		2640 ♀  
♂Male signAlt + 11
Alt + 9794		2642 ♂  
♠Spade suitAlt + 6
Alt + 9824		2660♠♠  
♣Club suitAlt + 5
Alt + 9827		2663♣♣  
♥Heart suitAlt + 3
Alt + 9829		2665♥♥  
♦Diamond suitAlt + 4
Alt + 9830		2666♦♦  
♪Eighth noteAlt + 13
Alt + 9834		266A ♪  
♫Beamed eighth notesAlt + 14
Alt + 9835		266B ♫  

Mathematical Symbols

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
×Multiplication signAlt + 021500D7××  
÷Division signAlt + 246
Alt + 0247		00F7÷÷ Option + /
−Minus signAlt + 87222212 −  
±Plus/minus signAlt + 241
Alt + 0177		00B1±± Option + Shift + =
πGreek lowercase letter pi 03C0ππ
⁄		 Option + p
⁄Fraction slashAlt + 82602044 ⁄  
ⁿSuperscript lowercase nAlt + 252
Alt + 8319		207F ⁿ  
℮Estimated symbolAlt + 8494212E ℮  
∂Partial differentialAlt + 87062202 ∂ Option + d
∆IncrementAlt + 87102206 ∆ Option + j
∏N-ary productAlt + 8719220F ∏  
∑N-ary summationAlt + 87212211 ∑ Option + w
∕Division slashAlt + 87252215 ∕  
∙Bullet operatorAlt + 250
Alt + 8729		2219 ∙  
√Square rootAlt + 251
Alt + 8730		221A √ Option + v
∞InfinityAlt + 236
Alt + 8734		221E ∞ Option + 5
∟Right angleAlt + 28
Alt + 8735		221F ∟  
∩IntersectionAlt + 239
Alt + 8745		2229 ∩  
∫IntegralAlt + 8747222B ∫ Option + b
⌠Top half integralAlt + 244
Alt + 8992		2320 ⌠  
⌡Bottom half integralAlt + 245
Alt + 8993		2321 ⌡  
≈Almost equal toAlt + 247
Alt + 8776		2248 ≈ Option + x
≠Not equal toAlt + 88002260 ≠  
≡Identical toAlt + 240
Alt + 8801		2261 ≡  
≤Less than or equal toAlt + 243
Alt + 8804		2264 ≤ Option + <
≥Greater than or equal toAlt + 242
Alt + 8805		2265 ≥ Option + >

Miscellaneous

CharacterName of CharacterAlt CodeCharacter CodeName CodeNumber CodeShortcut KeyAccent Code
¦Broken vertical barAlt + 016600A6¦
&brkbar;		¦  
ºDegree signAlt + 248
Alt + 0176		00B0°° Option + Shift + 8
Paragraph signAlt + 20
Alt + 0182		00B6 Option + 7
·Middle dotAlt + 249
Alt + 0183		00B7·· Option + 8
•BulletAlt + 7
Alt + 8226		2022 •  
←Leftwards arrowAlt + 27
Alt + 8592		2190←←  
↑Upwards arrowAlt + 24
Alt + 8593		2191↑↑  
→Rightwards arrowAlt + 26
Alt + 8594		2192→→  
↓Downwards arrowAlt + 25
Alt + 8595		2193↓↓  
↔Left right arrowAlt + 29
Alt + 8596		2194 ↔  
↕Up down arrowAlt + 18
Alt + 23
Alt + 8597		2195 ↕  
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